Merits & Demerits of EC Essay Example for Free

Merits Demerits of EC EssayThe electoral College is a do work by which the voters elect representatives known as electors that in turn elect the president. It is governed by the laws and constitution of United States of America. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the Electoral College the advantages include it is the foundations of federalism and democratic principles that does non allow central government to be in place. It distri scarcees popular votes enhance artless cohesive nature and helps in political constancy.The disadvantages are it gives room of electing president with simple absolute majority, voters democratic rights are violated the president may non launch the will of the people and inability of some electors voting for the respective leaders they were elected for. The matters raised are intemperate on either side but we conclude this by saying it is worth amending the Electoral College to correct its defects rather than changing to direct voting. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF ELECTORAL COLLEGEThe electoral college of the United States of America is a process of electing presidential drive outdidates based on the number of popular votes and representatives of congress. The voters elect the electors or representatives who will in turn elect the president candidate. Each state is allocated 2 senators irrespective of vote population while the members of the Ho habituate of Representatives are elected based on the population of the states. The history of Electoral College dates back to the Roman Empire. It has been employ in United States for over 200 years.It is considered a moderate way of checking the election by popular vote and congress (Electoral College, 2008) The Electoral College arrangement is governed by several laws which include the Article 2 section 1 12th amendment and US Code Title 3 Chapter 1 of the Constitution. There have been arguments for and against the Electoral College system since its introduct ion. Opinion survey have been conducted to determine its popularity over the years for example 69 percent of lawyers favored its abolishment in 1987.It was earlier report that 58 percent of voters in 1958 agreed to eliminate it. Similar results were recorded in succeeding years where 81% and 75% were obtained in 1968 and 1981 respectively. These opinion polls were associated with the system favoring biparty system and excluding third party (Electoral College, 2008). Leip (2003) discuss explicitly merits and demerits of the Electoral College system. We will highlight the merits of the Electoral College in the United States of America.First the Electoral College had of import contribution in ensuring there is fair distribution of support of the populace to individually president thus bringing a cohesive country. This restrains highly live states from determining the president elected every judgment of conviction. However this may favor election of president with votes slightly a bove the opponent even though it is check out by the requirement of popular distribution of votes against the support by popular votes. Indeed the EC system works to correct the defects arising from popular votes.Murphy (2003) adds by saying that the defects in EC are intentional and have a purpose because without it the smaller states will non be heard in field of study issues. Secondly the EC is ensures the status of smaller groups and minority interests are maintained such that the presidency is seen as an institution that takes account all interests of people and particular groups in the country. Hence smaller states will also have a say in expressing their presidential choice (Leip, 2003).Third, EC help in stability of political parties by encouraging biparty system and excluding third party parties from unseating the majority. Although third parties are present in America they cannot raise the masses that cause national imbalance in the political climate. Hence the presid ency is guarded against metamorphism of radical policies from third party. It then dictates the political coalitions at political level rather than governmental level. Otherwise if popular electorate is allowed there will be situations of regional and extreme divergent demarcations (Leip, 2003).Fourth, the federal system is essentially captured in the democratic principles which require overlap of power at all levels of government. With these we see the House of Representatives representing interests and issues of states based on the population strength while the Senate has equal number of representatives in the congress that enjoin issues of the state on equal footing. The Electoral College then represents the institution of presidency and echoes the values and interest of minority and special interest groups.To eliminate the EC is care democratizing the political system and essentially rendering the structures of federal and letting the re-genesis of central government (Magleby , Light, Peltason, 2008). It worth to note that the political parties would not allow the change of the system to because of the interest they hold in it (Mmarks, 2000). This is reinforced by Murphy (2003) sentiments insisting that vote irregularities can exactly be halted by EC since it will only deal with states in question rather than the whole states which pose the question of financial and legal constraints.On the contrary opposition to the elimination of the Electoral College continues to arise fro example it was termed as either anchoritic or archaic or ambiguous because it allows for the winner to bag all votes thus the direct for reforms or abolition of it all together. These are some of the reasons for eliminating the EC and allow the electorate popularity. One is that a president can be elected by minority votes for instance where troika candidates or more share votes and cause a situation which no candidate is able to garner more than 50 percent of the votes like th e elections of 1824, 1948 and 1968.This can result to cases where one candidate votes are given to an other or absentee of significant votes in the Electoral College. The resultant scenario will cause the EC to use the 12th Amendment. This may lead to conflict of interest (Leip 2003). Second, the EC has given leeway to voters transferring their rights to electors who later do not vote according to their wishes commonly referred as faithless fathers. For example in 1988 Lloyd Benson was voted for by a democrat elector from West Virginia.Although past experiences has shown that the votes of faithless fathers do not have significant relate on the presidential election but sends negative signals to the electorate. Mmarks (2000) states that the American government has violated the basic principle of democracy of vote counts similarly the EC makes other votes irrelevant. For instance in it gives too much power to local constituencies than other others. Third is that the EC has an element of disincentive to electorates because there is no difference amongst populous state and low populated states.Hence voters are likely not to turn out in large numbers. However this fact does not take account other elections in the states such as governors and legislators (Leip 2003). Fourth the Electoral College does not reflect the will of the voters because it seems to under represent other regions especially urban than the rural. For example the electoral voters of six states in 1988 had same 3. 1 million votes and 21 electors similar to 9. 6 million votes from Florida.This shows discrepancy in theatrical do votes from this populous state less significant (Magleby, Light, Peltason, 2008). In the same line Electoral College seems to have bias towards the exclusion of third party making it difficult to rise above regional or state precincts. This is because it cannot garner majority votes to give it the strength to be allocated electoral votes. The mechanisms applied gives the winner of majority votes to walk way with all votes rendering this party irrelevant.In order to be able to articulate its issues it has to relax its divergent views and collaborate with popular political party. Maxwell Hardaway (2004) argue that during the writing of the constitution by the founding founder in the 18th century most voters were illiterate, but at the present time the citizens are educated and well informed to make a choice of their own so it is better to have direct counting. They also add their sentiments on the need to reduce the due advantage of small states over big states instead all votes should count in the elections.This will make candidates to value each vote and concentrate of pulling gaining support of all voters (Maxwell Hardaway, 2004 Magleby, Light, Peltason, 2008). However the supporters of the EC argue that despite the few defects noted during 2000 presidential elections the EC does not need to be abolished but strengthened. This is because it has stayed for long time and had the principle of unifying the country able to rally a broad support and gain extensive grow of political parties.This in turn gives reduces the time which could have been used for vote recounting as in the case of 2000 presidential elections (Maxwell Hardaway, 2004). CONCLUSION The Electoral College is a process by which the voters elect representatives known as electors that in turn elect the president. The Electoral College is governed by the laws and constitution of United States of America. Although defects have been sited in the industriousness of the Electoral College arguments have been raised in support and against it.Propositions for its abolition include chance of electing president with simple majority, voters democratic rights violated the president may not show the will of the people and inability of some electors voting for the respective leaders they were elected for. While supporters for not abolishing it reason that it is one of the f oundations of federalism and democratic principles that does not allow central government to be in place. It distributes popular votes enhance country cohesive nature and helps in political stability.The matters given are weighty it can be concluded that amendment to the Electoral College is necessary to correct its defects rather than changing to direct voting.REFERENCESElectoral College. (2008). U. S. Election College. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http//www. archives. gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq. htmlqualifications Leip, David. (2003). Pros cons of EC. Retrieved April 21, 2008 from http//uselectionatlas. org/INFORMATION/INFORMATION/electcollege_procon. php Magleby, O.Light, B. , Peltason, C. (2008). Government. seventh ed. USA Pearson. Maxwell, K. J. , Hardaway, R. (2004). 2000 aftermath. New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BUE/is_3_137/ai_n17207622 Mmarks. (2000, November 17). Princeton news. Retrieved April 2 1, 2008 from http//www. princeton. edu/main/news/archive/A94/81/30Q00/index. xml Murphy, K. (2003 December 11). EC is necessary. Retrieved April 21, 2008, http//www. interocitor. com/archives/000159. html

Phenomenology and the Eucharistic Mass Essay Example for Free

Phenomenology and the Eucharistic Mass EssayIn the study of parleys, reaching a common consensus on how to consecrate a shared and common taking into custody of communications seems to be a near impossible task. After being introduced to the seven customs of communications by Craig in his essay Communication Theory as a Field, I choose to explore the custom he categorizes as Phenomenology. My initial understanding on the study of communications were quite limited to the contagious disease view, dominated by a sender and receiver framework.Interestingly, the transmission model in its profligate was cultur altogethery rooted in religion, and used as a tool for the dissemination of Euro centric religious values and practices globally. With advancement in technology, especially in the 1920s, the North American perspective on communication shifted the transmission model from religion to science to reflect a multidisciplinary approach in to the study of communications. As a pract itioner of what was once the transmission view, the Catholic Church had roll in the hayd tremendous religious propagation of its message through forcible transmission all over the world.Based on Craigs essay, the Catholic Church of today then embodies traits of a ritual view of communication, and is aligned with religious communication, and expression such as fellowship, participation, residential area, communion, and common faith. The phenomenological model of communication shares characteristics with the ritual view that I will be exploring through the Roman Catholic Eucharistic sacrament of the Eucharist. The phenomenological tradition expound by Craig, conceptualizes communication as dialogue or the sustain of differentness (p. 217).Communication in this tradition is not rooted in verbal transmission but instead a shared experience on plains that extend beyond tradition verbal or textual communication. For the purpose of this paper phenomenological tradition can be seen as a determine of communication expressed metaphysically as well. Gadamers theory from Truth and Method, focus on tradition and language as a primary form of communication. His ideology is that we are only able to make sense of ourselves and the world around us because our cognizance has been shaped by history and traditions in ways we are largely unaware of wareness expands our understanding of the tradition.His description of an I-Thou relationship as the question-answer logic that underlies hermeneutic experience creates communication by identifying, hermeneutics, that lead to a dialectical process of interpretation and growth of understanding. As a phenomenological practitioner, this theory has very intrinsic value. Communication in this practice provides a very meaningful and existential experience that I am to able to engage in with my Creator, in the absence of any other soulfulness. As a Roman Catholic, I have had legion(predicate) questions about the way we participate in mass.My parents grew up on the island of Trinidad, in a heartfelt Catholic community. The Spanish, that had at one time colonized Trinidad, were very committed to their mission of converting the indigenous people of the island. The spread Catholicism throughout the country was profuse, with community church buildinges everywhere, (even building one across the street from my mothers house), and adding a monastery and seminary college a mile further up the mountainside where my father lived. Catholicism was not just a religion in our community, it was a part of the culture, and employed many of the villagers as they worked for the seminary.My grandparents were in fact Hindu, and converted to Catholicism because of the strong put to work and presence it had within the community. As a Roman Catholic child, I had been told to repeat, chant, and act with humility, adoration and reverence during mass. I did not understand what we were doing or what the conception was. I became harder and harder to find meaning in going to church. In my late teens I stopped attending mass because there was no intrinsic association for me in my faith practice. I remained a spiritual and deeply rooted faith based person, but I could not come to terms with many of the teachings of my church.I stayed out of church for many years. At some point, I became curious about what it meant. I was not looking for a theological understanding per se, but instead, what did it mean? The chanting, the collective response in unison, the prayers itself. What was I blindly repeating every Sunday? I chose to study the teachings of the Catholic Church in university at Newman Theological College to gain a scholarly perspective. Many things became clear, although I did acquiesce on some ideological points, (my own hermeneutical experience).Inspired by my donnish insights, I returned to church as a knowledgeable participant of the mass, understanding that as part of the community, I would belong to the collective voice of the fellowship of Christ. The Catholic mass is deeply enriched with both Phenomenological Theory as well as Semiotic Tradition. In some regard you must look at the semiology in order to fully understand what is being communicated during certain points in the eucharistic liturgy. For the purpose of this paper I will focus on the phenomenological aspects.The Eucharistic liturgy is a two century old tradition, considered the real presence of Christ at the last supper carried out each Sunday, and is considered an integral part of Catholic worship. As Catholics we believe Jesus began a significant new fellowship meal that we observe to this day. It causes us to collectively and intrinsically share in the experience of his sacrifice through his death and resurrection. The description of the liturgy Im presenting here reflects a very basic summation of the ritual. At the start of the liturgy we are asked to offer ourselves up, and surrender to God.As we participate in the Eucharistic Prayer we are in the act of giving thanks. The congregation is humbled as Christ is transubstantiated from man into the elements of bread and wine. We collectively mourn as Jesus is offered to the Father in sacrifice for the sins of man. We participate in the Lords Prayer, and a prayer for peace. The sanctum sanctorum Spirit is invited to come down upon us and unite the community of worshipers into one body as we prepare to accept the communion, and offer each other a sign of peace. As a community we should be considered one body, ready to receive Christ as a single body in the form of the host.Prior to accepting the communion we collectively humble ourselves stating our unworthiness and asking for compassion and forgiveness for our transgressions. As phalluss of the congregation travel to the the altar, it represents a pilgrimage in this life from a journey of birth to death, and to the heavenly Father. Once each individual receives the host, we communally belong to the larger body of Christ. An aspect of the phenomenological theory of communication as seen by Buber can be practically applied in this example. The I-Thou relationship is present when looking at the relationship each individual member of the ongregation has with their Creator, or even Catholicism itself. The act of worshiping communally creates an experience and awareness of each other that reflects dialogue in Gadamers model of phenomenology.Prayer itself is a great example of the I-Thou relationship the Buber describes. Although it contradicts Gadamers parallel concept of conversation emphasizing the object or subject matter of conversation that brings people together in dialogue (p. 219). Buber also notes that, dialogue can be entirely wordless, yet deeply meaningful (p. 19), and talks about how sacred silence itself can be on page 227, which is evident throughout the moments of the liturgy in which individuals respond on an emotional level through reverence, humility, sorro w, or repentance. Burbers theory of a person living life with an open mind, open to experience and in essence living the life of dialogue is what resonates most for me. My critical exploration into understanding the Catholic mass has supported my dialogue in prayer with my creator, as well as my participation as a member of the Catholic church.It would be put on that since developing a clearer understanding of the mass, that I would be regularly attending. That is not the case. What I grew to understand is that I cannot effectively belong to the congregation if I am not intrinsically communicating through action, intention and prayer when I attend. For that reason, I go to church when I have a deeper calling to do so. My I-Thou relationship within my faith is not compromised as I connect to my creator in conversation and prayer every day, however, my I-Thou relationship with the other church goers would be compromised and lacking authenticity if I attend mass out of obligation.

Chinese Communication Style | Essay

Chinese Communication Style EssayLanguage is a multifunctional tool that allows people to satisfy sorting of needs from socio-cultural to political necessities. The need to express its importance in communication does not hurt to be stressed since the both are intertwined. The communication sprint in China has its respective cultural milieus with diverse forms and purposes as well as varying intensity, emotional charge and dimensions. This has to be understood well by a person wanting to interact in an intercultural dimension. Choosing the appropriate language deviseion is every bit important especially in dealing with people from other(a)wisewise cultures.The ethnical gyration in China greatly affected the contemporary Chinese way of communicating particularly with the use of aggressive speeches during conflicts, formalized speeches during humans gatherings, and buffoonish speeches during of turmoil. Dehumanization using undesirable animals was not uncommon during the period when enemies were considered as a class.Because of the diverse and mingled communication title of Chinese, several commentators posited their cypher stating that much(prenominal) kind of communication needs to be improved or perhaps waneed. First, the arrangement of watchwords and design of Chinese calligraphy make it dangerous for new language learners to embrace the language and adapt the communication style. Second, it deviates from the virtues of the simplistic alphabet. For Chineses part, the factors affecting their communication should first be understood and only then critics brush aside truly appreciate the language. The tonal designs of the language as well as typographical structuring affect how they talk. The discipline as well in schools during early puerility of junior Chinese gives them that perceive of responsibility to include others and their talks and be concerned for the latters feelings rather than be self-contained.The two dichotomies often used to compare Chinese communication and slope communication are the direct/linear style and indirect/circular style. The Chinese communication uses the indirect/circular style of reasoning. Kaplans findings in his contrastive study amidst English and Chinese communication style revealed that Chinese tend to be indirect, making illustrative and suggestive remarks first originally going to the main materialisation. He called this pattern the Oriental style w here(predicate) people in flaccid culture reason in a circling manner, starting from the further closely point, and ends with the main point. This is in contrast to the traditional Ameri git style of reasoning wherein they present first the main idea of an extend and then try to plow the less important issues after. This style of Chinese reasoning appears to be lengthy and irritating for others, but for the Chinese, it serves as a channel in building familys and frugality face. Straightforward reasoning for them in turn ap pears to be harsh and arrogant. Such indirect reasoning is applied overly in dispute resolution where report of background information comes first before presenting the main argument.In all of these, the need to understand how Chinese think and communicate is important in the try for of a more interrelated world. The communication style of China has existed even during ancient times and up to now continues to be a heritage of the realm. It gave them sense of pride as an individual and unity as a nation.INTRODUCTIONDifferent cultures have varying systems of meanings (i.e. language) that makes it difficult to have a smooth full point of communication with them. Language is an important issue in mavens intercultural marriage, interpersonal interactions, and interpretation and translation. It is a multifunctional tool wherein from the cultural perspective, serves as a channel in convey culture from generation to generation. It also creates linkages between individuals in order fo r them to establish a shared identity. And lastly, in the political sense, it unites the leaders and members of the society and identifies their boundaries as a country. Communication in China has its respective cultural milieus with different forms and purposes as well as varying intensity, emotional charge and dimensions. The Chinese language has a distinctive feature which has been interpreted by other cultures in different contexts. For instance, in a simple communication between Chinese and Ameri puke, the latter may interpret the formers answer as yes when in fact he means no. A lot of people had posited comments saying that Chinese are rattling illustrative and suggestive in making statements and often do not go directly to the point. Because they have their own way of expressing emotions, they appear to be rich and reserved to others.In dealing interpersonally, one must be aware that in that location are rules and standards for appropriate language style to be used. One should estimate to it that the style fits the genre and stair he wishes to convey. For instance, exaggeration during formal occasions usually gives listeners irritations since most wise people abhor advertisements where everything is over, hyper, or ultra. Better yet, one should remain reserved or attune himself. This study deals with how Chinese communicate, their communication styles, and communication issues. Hopefully after the end of the discussion, one would have a split understanding on the Chinese diaspora and a demote appreciation of the Chinese communication style.BRIEF HISTORY OF Chinese COMMUNICATION STYLESTo have a better understanding and stronger foundation on the Chinese communication styles, it is important to tackle first some of the historical events that affected it. After discussing this, only then we can have the better ability to criticize their communication issues from its use in ordinary discourse to the more complicated situations (i.e. dispute resolut ion). We begin with Chinas heathen Revolution (1966-1976) which greatly contributed to Chinas symbolic aggressive communication.Moral Language and Political Speeches. Moralistic and political languages are interrelated with one another and cannot be separated, at least(prenominal) in China. The moral language has been used mainly to persuade people. Political speeches from rulers were considered moral sermons. For instance, during religious wars and terrorisms, the use of moral message to justify these events were accepted by people. When a ruler says that a particular individual is Chinas enemy, then he must be so. The danger of moralistic language is that it gives a limited and a fancy sense of superiority and confidence. As an example, an ordinary speaker would try to memorize speeches and poems of a leader he idolizes and condemns the enemies of that leader.Rhetoric Dehumanization. The most common forms of dehumanization during the Cultural Revolution were through animal metap hors. Enemies of China were depicted in pictures as undesirable animals such as cow ghosts, monsters, demons and parasites. These animal metaphors permeated the way Chinese write and speak. During rallies or political sessions, posters and slogans with dehumanizing animals were used to express their hatred to the social organises or enemies of the society. The use of these posters was the only way Chinese could communicate with the royal persons. Chinese communists created class labels distinguishing the people and the enemies of the people.The Impact on Communication of Chinas Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution of China not only altered its culture but also affected the manner Chinese people communicate both in official and interpersonal levels. The following are the rhetorical patterns relative to communication styles during the Cultural RevolutionAggressive speech. It became common in China that when a person tried to express his disagreement on the majoritys opinion, he was expected to be damaged and humiliated.Formalized speech. The formalized language was commonly used during political speeches. The tendency when always used was that it became dry and often gave burden to the listeners leading to linguistic impoverishment. Worse, political speeches were often plagiarized.Humorous speech. The Cultural Revolution also allowed Chinese not to take the current situation too seriously and instead make humorous sense of it. In a sense, it ironically tolerated the vice and evil of people.COMMUNICATION ISSUES OF THE CHINESE CULTUREHaving discussed the historical background of Chinese communication in the Cultural Revolution, we now briefly discuss common issues relating to their communication mechanisms. There must be a clarification here with regard to the term issue. Issue on whose perspective? To the Chinese, these might not be issues, but to other cultures they are. For the purposes of this study, we put the issue perspective on the English commun icators. In each subsequent topic, this result be explained more thoroughly especially the wherefores and the hows of Chinese communication.A counterpart of the alphabet. The Chinese lacks the virtues found in the alphabet language despite being a preserved language tracing back to the ancient times. For the critics, the alphabet is simple, easy to memorize, and convenient to draw than the Chinese syllables.Canonical word order. The Chinese has a alone(p) way of arranging words and formulating sentences which when translated to a foreign language gives a different meaning. Unlike Chinese, the grammatical com shoes of English language is signaled by word order.Vast number of dialects. The Chinese have many dialects across different regions. This is not surprising since they have an ancient civilization and the is the most populated country in the world. There are eight major dialects Chinese use which have a unified writing system however, this becomes unintelligible when spoken b y the different ethnicities (i.e. Mandarin, Hakka, Cantonese). Some scholars consider these dialects as separate languages.Complexity of Chinese calligraphy. Aside from the numerous Chinese characters one has to be familiar with, the writing of these scripts presents an equally big problem. In fact, their calligraphy is now being considered as a form of painting.FACTORS AFFECTING THE WAY CHINESE COMMUNICATEThe Chinese culture has complex communication patterns. Facial expressions, movements of body parts, or even styles of dresses affect how Chinese communicate and how a person from other culture respond to them. For the White people, Chinese appear to be humble and reserved, so much concerned about their image that they tend to avoid in all possibilities the discomfort of being humbled or humiliated. For Chinese, indirectness allows them to save relationship as a concept of Confucius harmony. Harmony will be discussed more thoroughly in the preceding topics. To understand why Chin ese behave and talk like this, it is important to understand the factors that affect how they communicate. The following are some of themTonal language. Chinese has is its own syllabic structure and phonemics that differ from the other cultures language such that when they try to speak foreign language, say English, they would give a different tone or pronunciation. The most common is the word fry for fly where they substitute l for r.Typo uniform differences. China has their own way of organizing ideas, connecting facts, or even stressing points. Moreover, their language has no distinction between plural or singular forms. Thus, when translated to foreign language, they would appear absurd, blank, or unrelated.Early education for children. Young Chinese are early nurtured to include others in their chats by avoiding talking too much about themselves. In addition, they are taught to be cooperative and humble. In nursery schools, instead of requiring students to do recitals alone, t eachers would make it a choral presentation. This attitude is expected to be brought into their adult lives.COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN chinaFons Trompenaars, a famous cultural theorist, describes two kinds of communication patterns existing in diffused and particular pro incline cultures. People in diffused cultures allow others to relate his other areas of purport. The topic is more diverse and less restricted than what the current relationship allows. For instance, an employer can talk about his private life to his employee in the same way as he can talk with him about his professional matters. On the other hand, people in specific cultures, restrict the conversation within the bounds of the existing relationship. In the previous example, the employer would not allow his employee to deal with his personal life since personal matters are different matters. The illustration below, according to Fons, illustrates the way people in diffused and specific cultures communicate.The dots i n the center of both pictures represent the issue or topic that a person tries to explain. The image on the right means that a when a person tries to explain something, he begins with the main issue and explains the matter direct to the point. This can be observed often in specific cultures. The image on the left means that when a person explains something, he goes around the bush first before arriving to his main point. This is common in diffused cultures. China belongs to the left image. The Chinese tries to be indirect in their conversation by making the conversation lengthy in order to build relationship. As for them, this is a good strategy to save face and avoid arrogance.DICHOTOMIES OF CHINESE COMMUNICATION NORMSIn comparing Chinese communication styles and English communication styles, most researchers fall on two dichotomies namely direct/linear style versus indirect/circular style and deductive versus inductive discourse patterns. These dichotomies help people understand t he different communication patterns between English and Chinese in business negotiation, essay writing, and ordinary conversations. Kaplans (1966, 1972) contrastive rhetoric is the most famous work analysis used in distinguishing Chinese communication style and English communication style. Kaplan conducted a study of the 600 compositions of 600 students who were not native English speakers. The Chinese dominated the students number. The result was these dichotomiesDirect/Linear versus Indirect/Circular Style. Kaplan proposed the Oriental style writing wherein before arriving to the main idea the writer goes first around circles. As opposed to American style of writing which states first the main idea, Kaplan set forth Chinese to start from the broader concept first before arriving to the specific topic. This study supports Trompenaars theory of diffused culture which states that Chinese tend to be indirect in answering or discussing a topic.Oriental Style American StyleDeductive Re asoning versus Inductive Reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the action of arriving to a logical conclusion from a general statement. On the other hand, inductive reasoning is the process of arriving to a conclusion from specific set of facts. The distinguishing factor between the two is that in inductive reasoning, one cannot logically make a certain conclusion-only a well-founded or probable conclusion. When one delays the introduction of the topic, he is tell to have an inductive pattern of reasoning, while when one introduces the topic early, he is said to have deductive reasoning. The Chinese people first establish a framework before introducing the main topic. Thus, between the two reasoning styles, Chinese have inductive reasoning communication style.FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS IN CHINAAfter presenting the styles, issues and factors affecting the Chinese communication, let us now apply such knowledge in dispute resolution among them or even in intercultural ones. The potential disagreement is huge when one is not aware of negotiation styles and barriers to a successful communication between parties having different cultural backgrounds. That is why here we first examine the factors that affect dispute resolution in China. Communication is greatly affected by these since these are the by-products of the Chinese culture (i.e. Confucian philosophy). The cardinal major factors we need to examine are (1) harmony, (2) power, (3) relationship (guanxi), and (4) face (mianze). These factors can be used to establish a powerful framework of conflict focussing and resolution.a. Harmony (He) . Among Chinese people, harmony is one of the most essential values which each one strives to have. Communication exists not to satisfy ones needs but rather, to fight back harmonious relationship with his fellow being. In a harmonious community, people act interdependently by analyzing every action to be done so that in the end, no one will be prejudiced with it . If however, conflict is inevitable, the role of harmony is at least to reduce the negative effects of conflicts in the relationship of the parties or at least to save their faces.b. Power (Lling) . The second factor is power which refers to how one party controls his resources, whether it be tangible or intangible. In the Chinese context, power determines the degree of ones inclination or cooperation to the others influence. Power in addition, may be equated to authority and seniority. Oftentimes, persons in authority are respected and it is there advice that people obey since they are believed to be more knowledgeable and familiar in the field of dispute resolution. In addition, seniority gives the people the credibility and experiences which the young Chinese deeply value.c. Relationship (Guanxi) -. The third factor is the guanxi, which refers to the relationship existing between parties. In Confucius book of Five Code of Ethics, he specified different relationships a man has, which include the ruler and his subject, husband and wife, father and son, older brother and younger brother, and between friends. These relationships vary in degree, and thus have specific communication styles that one has to follow in order to avoid future conflicts. One needs to adjust his verbal and nonverbal ways of communication to portray respect and regard for the position, power or authority of the person he is dealing with. For instance, a subject cannot be expected to disobey his ruler implying that a high degree of respect is demanded else, he gets an equivalent punishment. In the case of husband and wife, the communication is more intimate and reciprocal. Friends tend to treat each other equally and less formally.d. Face (Mianze) . Mianze refers to ones social status in life as perceived by other people based on ones position and prestige. Through hard work, a person achieves a high position in the society and in return, gains the respect and appreciation of the watch ing public. instance, in traduce cases, there is a public imputation of wrong to a particular person, thus, the latter loses the product of his hard work and would find it difficult to regain the previous position in life. Without minding the image of the other, a serious conflict would likely result.Applying the inductive/deductive reasoning styles, the Chinese in dispute resolution appear to have an inductive reasoning. In a study regarding conflict styles, Chinese appeared to be less direct, less assertive, and less aggressive during confrontational situations. Answers to questions did not have direct relation or loosely connected to the questions asked. Further, background information comes first before information. The use of indirectness is a means of balancing harmony since in the process of avoiding direct answers, one establishes relationship with the other and avoids losing a face.RAPPORT MANAGEMENT AS A FUNCTION OF LANGUAGESLanguages have a dual function. The first is th e get rid of of information and the second the management of social relations. Helen Oatey in her book Culturally Speaking, uses the term rapport management to describe management of social relations as an aspect of language since the term is broad enough to cover the concept of maintaining or threatening social relationships. Taking into consideration these domains when dealing with Chinese, would be a huge step in avoiding conflicts. The following according to Oatey, play an important role in the management of rapport when interacting with ChineseIllocutionary Domain. This domain concerns about the speeches such as apologies, compliments, or requests that potentially puts at risk the rapports of individuals. For instance, when psyche asks Did you put sugar on this coffee? the implication is that you want sugar.Discourse Domain. This domain concerns the capacitance and structure of the communication such as the decision whether to include private topics or whether a particular t opic should be discussed first. This domain should be taken care of because there is a tendency to raise sensitive issues and put lesser priorities on more important matters which would threaten ones rapport.Participation domain. This domain concerns the technicalities of the piece like turn-taking, the decision whether a third person can be allowed to join the conversation between two people, and the permission from the party to the conversation whether someone will be allowed to ask questions or not. This domain should be guarded in order for a harmonious relation to exist.Stylistic Domain. This domain concerns the tone of interaction such as the choice of informal words, polite expressions, greetings, or jokes.Non-verbal Domain. This domain concerns the actions governing the interchange such as eye contact, facial expressions, and proxemics. In the same way as the above four, this domain needs to be guarded if harmonious relation is wanting.CONCLUSIONIn trying to adapt to a mor e interrelated world, it is important to know how the Chinese think and communicate. The language style may seem to be complicated, yet for the Chinese, regard for others is the key to choosing the correct style of communication. Communication for them is more than exchange of words. It is a conduit to building a relationship and establishing harmony in the community.

Barley Breeding and Pest Control

barleycorn Breeding and Pest ControlBarley represents one of the major line ups plown worldwide. It is the fourth largest grown crop in the world. Barley is a short season ,early maturing grain with high yield authorization which is utilized in the production of both human and wolf feed. The production of 2005 was estimated to be 138 million metric tons (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO). Because of its true diploidy Barley has been used as a divisortic model system, a great with the similarity of its genome to that of other small grain ce heartys. It enables genetic engineering approaches towards crop improvement. (Hensel et al. , 2008).Barley has remained a successful cereal crop because of its short developing prison term and ability to survive in poor conditions. Although it is grown throughout most of the UK it is often the dominant arable crop in the north and west of Britain where growing conditions argon most difficult and less optable for wheat.Barley is striking because of the long spikes that emerge from the end of each grain. These atomic twist 18 know as awns. Barley is also easily identifiable on breezy days in the early summer when waves blow through the crop. Although barley is versatile and tolerant it is not as productive as wheat. As a result it is often grown as the second cereal in a rotation where potential yields be lower for example a field might first grow wheat, then barley, then a break crop like loot beet or peas before returning to wheat. Barley can also be grown continually in the same field, a process known as continuous cropping. This was relatively common in the 1970s and 1980s but is r bely if ever practiced now. Around half of all the barley produced ends up as stock feed. This is either incorporated into compound rations or rolled on farm and fed to cattle as a supplement to their forage. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) is the only cultivated species. Among the wild barleys there are annuals and perenni als, self pollinators and cross pollinators, and self incompatibility species that are found in nature(Poehlman, 1987).Difficulties in the production of BarleyThere are various diseases that presume the barley production, like various bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Nematodes and parasites can also hamper the barley production.Fusarium speciesFusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and is mostly in association with plants. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in draw blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink. It can also cause root rot and seedling bli ght.Lush, green fields become blighted seemingly overnight.The factors that favour infection and development of disease in the crop are frequent rainfalls, high humidity, or heavy dews that coincide with the flowering and early kernel-fill period of the crop. change from head scab is multifold. It reduces yields, discoloration, shriveled tombstone kernels, contamination with mycotoxins, and reduction in seed quality. The disease also reduces weight and lowers market grade. It causes difficulties in marketing, exporting, processing, and feeding unsmooth grain. The fungus persists and multiplies on infected crop residues of small grains. The chaff, light weight kernels, and other infected head debris of barley, are returned to the soil surface during harvest. This serves as an essential site of overwintering of the fungus. Continued moist weather during the crop growing season favors development of the fungus, and spores are windblown or water-splashed onto heads of cereal crops. B arley is susceptible to head infection from the flowering (pollination) period up through the soft dough stage of kernel development. Spores of the this fungus land on the exposed anthers of the flower and then grow into the kernels, glumes, or other head parts. (McMullen et. al. , 1997).Creating a new varietyConventional upbringingChevron is six rowed non malting barley originating from Switzerland, and it is most widely used. This can be used as a source for the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) as it has resistance genes for kernel discolorations. So the wild variety can be cut through with Chevron and the F1 generation can be generated.H. vulgare X ChevronF1 generationF2 generationDepending on the way the genes behave the combination produced from each cross are not to be revealed until the next generation (F2). The most likely plant is then selected to meet the breeding objective. Seeds from the best plant can again be sown in rows or plots and best plants can again be selected.This process is repeated until the best plants are not selected. This technique takes a long time but the results are bred true.Generally, awned genotypes with a short peduncle and a compact spike have faster disease spread than genotypes that are awnless, have a long peduncle, and a lax spike. In addition, short statured genotypes with a long grain filling.On the other hands hybrid breeding technique can also be used, but its just that while hybrid lines breed true year after year, the performance gains of F1 hybrids are not maintained in subsequent generations. QTL analysis can be done at every level to find out the gene where is it situated in the loci. This allow give us a genetic information of the hybrids. If the QTL analysis is done the phenotype can be identified using biometrics or metabolomics. compound BreedingThere are various ways in which breeding can be done. Somatic hybridization, embryo rescue, double haploid breeding, genomics, MAS ,genetic modification Proteomics.Mes terhazy (1995) had draw five types of physiological resistance ,expanding on the the two types of barley available. These included (I) resistance to initial infection, (II) resistance to spread within the spike, (III) kernel size and number retention,(IV) yield gross profit margin, and (V) decomposition or non inherently accumulation of mycotoxins. It is believed that type 1 is very difficult to because the amount of innoculum initially applied is very difficult to quantify.molecular(a) markers can also be used at every stage of crossing till the final generation is obtained, as in the pure lines are obtain. The use of molecular markers will help us in indentifying the gene integeration. As it is QTLAnalysis done will show us the location of the gene on which loci.Different molecular markers have been used till date, so markers like RFLP, AFLP, SSR and many more can be used.Pest and disease tolerance in BarleyBarley is infected with many cankers and other diseases as mentioned ab ove. The easy and the quickest option is the use of certified seeds obtained after F1 generation. There are various sprays like fungicidal sprays available which can also be used but they decrease the vigor and cause root rot.So in order to avoid these pest resistance genes can also be added in barley. That means you induce the gene already there in the pest which infects,into the barley genes,with selectable ,markers. These markers will help in future to score the gene of interest and its location. Places where these markers are not accepted ,marker free plants can be generated.This multi-faceted and cooperative approach should enable breeders to develop highly resistant barley cultivars thereby, significantly reducing if not eliminating the devastating effects of FHB both nationally and worldwide. (Rudd et al. ,2001)There are as such no problems with drought or any problem with barley, but the major one is that if it rains late the whole of the production cycle of barley is distur bed. Due to less, late or no rains only there is development of these kind of fungal diseases due to the little moisture that is left on the leaf surface. Hence if we can increase the transpiration rate or the WUE (water usage efficency) by changing the leaf area exposed to the sun ,the retention capacity will increase.ConclusionOnly by working on a theory on breeding will the investigator be able to achieve real control over the organism- the ultimate aim of modern biology N. I. VavilovSo as rightly said above, plant breeding is a very cost-efficient way to conserve the wild species as well to grow crops that are resistant to the harsh conditions and pathogens and diseases caused by them. Through plant breeding technology we label to build up a perfect plant that has all the necessary resistant genes against all the possible problems faced by a plant to grow. As seen in barley also various other methods can also be inculcated along with these and newer varieties can be introduce d which have better yield.

Comparison of Poems by William Blake and Christina Rossetti

Comparison of Poems by William Blake and Christina RossettiCompare and contrast William blakesthe marriage amidst heaven and hell, The garden of live, and Christina Rosettispromises like crust.The Marriage of paradise and Hell is among the prophetic books of William Blake. These obligate been written by imitating biblical books of prophecy however they express the personal romantic and revolutionary dogmas of the poet. This book finds the visit of the poet to hell, a device that had been adopted from Paradise Lost of Milton and Dantes Divine Comedy by Blake. However as compared to Milton or Dante, the conception of Hell of Blake does not start as a place of punishment. Instead it is a source of unrepressed energy, as compared to the regulated and authoritarian perception of heaven. The purpose of Blake is to create, what he mentions as a memorable fancy so that the repressive nature of conventional morality as well as the institutional religion can be revealed. In this regard , Blake writes that, the ancient Poets animated all sensible objects with Gods or Geniuses, calling them by the name calling and adorning them with the properties of woods, rivers, mountains, lakes, cities, nations and whatever their enlarged and numerous senses could perceive. And particularly they studied the genius of the city and country, placing it under its mental deity (Kaplan,2000).In this focusing, the theory of contraries propounded by Blake was not his belief in opposites but instead it was the belief according to which the contrary nature of God is reflected by each person. It was also believed that moderation in life cannot be achieved without contraries. In the same way, Blake also explored the contrary nature of energy and priming. In this regard, he believed that there are two types of persons, the rational organizers and the energetic creators of what he calls as the angels and devils in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. In this way, Blake believes that both these types of people are necessary for life. This text of Blake has been interpreted in several different ways.The Garden of spot is a romantic poem written by William Blake. The poem has been written with a view to express the belief of Blake regarding the neutrality of sexuality and also the way in which they organized religion, especially Orthodox Christian church building during the times of Blake, have resulted in repressing the natural desires of human beings with their rules and preaching. At this point, it needs to be noted that for those times, it was really a great statement to be make (Griffin, 1994).The reason was that by advocating the natural desires of human beings, Blake had made a direct round out on the orthodox Anglican Church. He had even mentioned priests and Chapel. The indignation of Blake can also be empathizen in the second line when he talks to the highest degree seeing what I had never seen. Therefore it is interesting to note that Blake claims to have neve r seen it when he had literally spent all his life knowing the situation of the church service towards sexuality. Perhaps it means that Blake was speaking from the point of view of innocence that has only entered the world of experience and as a result, suffers a shock to see that the freedoms enjoyed by it in the past have been curtailed by the Church (Cronin, 2000).In the same way, a clear dislike can also be seen in the point regarding the changes that have taken place in the Garden of Love. At this point, Blake is referring to the church and also expressing its dislike. In these lines, there is a clear critique of the church and also the practices of the Church related with religious beliefs. Moreover, the poet has also made an accusation that the Church is not allowing them to be happy and instead it is putting pressure on the lyrical.Seen in the context of realities present in the 18th century England, in view of the practices and doctrines that have been adopted by the Chur ch of England, these lines also express the feelings of the persons who did not follow the Church of England at the time and also did not agree with the interpretation of the Bible by the Church. In this way, although the poem is provocative but at the same time, it also reflects comedies some of the realities present in the 18th century (Bentley, Jr., 2004).In this way, it has been expressed in the point that while walking in the Garden of Love a lot of changes have been made in the garden. While earlier, there were flowers in the garden but all that has changed and instead there is a Chapel in the garden. Moreover, it is also seen that now the Garden of Love has tombstones, graves and priests. As a result, these changes have resulted in fading the beauty of the Garden of Love. As a result, the feelings of anger and dismay have been expressed in the point regarding the changes that have been made in the Garden of Love. The author is dismayed because as a result of these changes, th e desires and wishes will not be fulfilled. As a result, the priests and the Chapel are considered as being responsible for the unfulfilled desires (Griffin, 1994).On the opposite hand, in case of Promises like Piecrust the focus is mainly on the fact that in reality, it is easy to break promises, perhaps they are so flaky that they have been compared to a pie crust. However, an attempt has not been made by Rossetti to emphasize that it is a negative thing but on the other hand, according to her, she accepts it as a fact of life which cannot be escaped however, it does change the quality of consanguinitys that a person has with others. In this poem, the focus is on to friends or lovers who do not stick any promises to each other so that they may be free to come as free to go.It would have been genuinely illegal for a woman to suggest this notion during the Victorian era. However it appears that Rossetti believes that one of the main reasons behind the tension in most of the rel ationships is that there are too numerous unrealistic ideas and constraints present in a relationship. These relationships have been called by Rossetti as Promises like Piecrust and these are the relationships in which no promises regarding future commitments are made and in the same way, the past lovers are not discussed (Kaplan, 2000). As a result, in this type of relationships, the possibility that any partner may be hurt as a result of abject comments is completely eliminated in such a case. Similarly, the partners are not worried that a promise may be befuddled by the other partner.In this way, the poem suggests that promises are like unrealistic constraints. Essentially, restrictive barriers are imposed by these promises regarding dedication and commitment due to the reason that such promises can be broken easily and at the same time, not only these promises resulting obligation and pressure of the partners, they also have to make substantive efforts for keeping such promi ses (Packer, 1963). This view regarding love has been explored by Christina Rossetti in this poem which is related with the negative perspective that the poet has towards the promises made by lovers. She believes that promises can be broken easily, and at the same time they do not provide liberty to the partners in a relationship and similarly, promises also blind towards the future (Hassett,2005). In this regard, the speaker had denied promises as a result of the distrust she has in promises. Rossetti had also shown are general belief in the beginning of the poem according to which, the metaphor of a pie crust has been used to describe the promises made by lovers.As is the case with pie crusts, which can be broken easily, the poet illustrate the promises made by lovers in a relationship can also be broken easily (Fairchild, 1939). As a result, the poet states that promises are like pie crust and it had been used by hard to describe her belief that promises can be broken easily. Ge nerally, in almost all cases, pie crust is the part of the pie that can be broken off easily and it is made in such a way so that it may be broken for protecting the more important ingredients of the pie (Harrison, 2004). In this way, Rossetti had used the metaphor of pie crust for referring to the promises made by lovers in a relationship because according to him, promises cannot stand forever. She believes that at one point or the other, a promise made by lovers will lose its validity. In this way, in the opinion of the poet, a never-ending validity of a promise cannot be guaranteed by the type of promise as is the case with a pie crust that breaks regardless of the kind of pie. Therefore, the short durability of the promises made by lovers has been illustrated by Rossette with the use of pie crust as both move to break easily and also to show the fact that the promises made by lovers cannot be considered as trustworthy.Therefore in the end, a comparison of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Garden of Love and the poem Promises like Pie Crust reveals that different issues related with love have been raised by the authors in these works. While Blake has discussed that moderation in life cannot be achieved without contraries. Therefore the devils and angels mentioned by him are in fact two types of people, one are the energetic creators and the others are the rationale organizers. On the other hand, in The Garden of Love, William Blake has discussed the restrictions that have been imposed by the Orthodox Church on Love. He believes that too many restrictions have been imposed by the Church and at the same time, the conditions in the Garden of Love have been changed by it. In her poem, Promises like Pie Crust, Rossette had discussed the fragile nature of promises that are made by the lovers in a relationship. As promises can be broken easily and they do not have a long validity, Rossetti believes that persons who are in a relationship should not be bound by promises. However a perusal of all these the works reveal that when it comes to love, all these three works have presented very radical ideas for their time.ReferencesAntony H. Harrison (2004) The Letters of Christina Rossetti Volume 4, 18871894 University of Virginia PressBentley, Jr, G. E.2004, Blake Records. Second edition. New Haven and London YaleUniversity PressCronin, Richard. 2000, The Politics of Romantic Poetry In Search of the sodding(a) Commonwealth.London Macmillan,Fairchild, Hoxie Neale (1939) Religious trends in English poetry, Volume 4 Columbia university pressGriffin, Dustin H.1994, Satire A vital Introduction. Lexington University of Kentucky PressHassett, Constance W. (2005) Christina Rossetti the patience of style University of Virginia Press p15Kaplan, Carter. 2000, Critical Synoptics Menippean Satire and the Analysis of IntellectualMythology. Madison, NJ Fairleigh Dickinson PressPacker, LonaMosk (1963) Christina Rossetti University of California Press pp13-17

Terri Schiavo Should NOT Have Been Kept Alive Essay example -- Right t

Terri Schiavo Should NOT Have Been Kept AliveDoes a written document such(prenominal) as a living will decide when some one should die or should the verbal wishes of the incapacitated person be followed if known? Such as the controversy over when life begins, we now face the ultimate question of when does life end. In 1990, Terri Schiavo, a young Florida woman suffered a optic struggle caused by bulimia leaving her brain without oxygen for six minutes. According to medical opinions, she has limited involuntary physical movement. She has remained in a persistent vegetational state ever since. Terri did not have a living will or medical directive in place at the time of her heart attack. Michael Schiavo, Terris husband, has repeatedly sought the courts intervention to allow his wifes feeding tube to be removed and she be allowed to die. On more than one occasion Michael Schiavo testified before judges stating that his wifes wishes were to never be hooked up to a machine to save her life. He insists that she expressed this to him and others on more than one occasion. He further declares that she would rather die than to live as she is forced to do now. Others have also testified that this statement is true. In 1993 a court awarded Terri $1 million dollars in a medical malpractice suit, and granted her husband authority over the money to use for her care (Goldenberg, 2003).When questioned regarding his motives for wanting Terri to die, he emphatically denies her death would bring him any type of reward or satisfaction (Smith, 2004). If Terri dies her husband inherits the funds remaining in the malpractice suit. At the time of this writing, Terris husband lives with another woman and two children he has fathered with her without bei... ...2004, n.d.). Information about advance directives. Retrieved October 29, 2004, from http//www.health-first.org/hospitals_services/advance_directives.cfmHennesy, P. F. (2004, October 24). Varying degrees of disgust. The Sierra T imes, , . Retrieved October 31, 2004, from http//www.sierratimes.com/04/10/25/panhennessy.htmLama, D. (1973, n.d.). Dalai Lamas speech. Retrieved October 31, 2004, from http//www.purifymind.com/DalaiLama.htmlMartinez, M., & Kampert, P. (2003, October 23). State to probe familys get hold of of spousal abuse Agency to protect the disabled could have decisive role. Chicago Tribune, , 24.MedicineNet.Com (1996-2004, n.d.). Advance medical directives. Retrieved October 26, 2004, from http//www.medicinenet.com/advance_medical_directives/page2.htmSmith, W. J. (2004, January 19). Beyond Terris law. The Weekly Standard, 9(18), 14.

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Love in the Time of Cholera :: Love Time Cholera

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Love in the Time of CholeraIt is a known fact that bread keeps fresher longer if one sucks the air from the bag it is in before clipping it tightly shut. Thus, in those nations where bread, our staff of life, is provided for us in brightly colored bags, we dutifully absorb the treacherous air, holding tightly to the theory that everything survives better in a vacuum. It is human nature to keep those things we deal and need free from harm, tightly wrapped up and out of the elements. When harm strikes a human being it is not uncommon for that person to respond by finding or creating a small pocket of normalcy or emotional crypt, 1 and living safely inside of it, shielding themselves from pain. These crypts take on many forms and, in turn, can be penetrated in many ways. Tombs can be literal or figurative. While one person may opt the sanctity of a house or basement, another may simply create a small but perfect world inside their mind. save others might choose a relationship, objects, or a form of communication to separate painful reality from tolerable bliss. Modeled after a whap affair his mother had with a telegraph operator before she was married, Gabriel Garcia Marquezs late work Love in the Time of Cholera 2 , is an eloquent voice of how a person or persons can utilize an emotional crypt throughout a lifetime as a tool for dealing with many forms of trauma (McNerney 78). Additionally, it demonstrates how these emotional crypts can eventually become reality for the person in a post-traumatic state. Lorenzo Daza is a mule trader who, by means legal or illegal, has made enough money to send his daughter Fermina to a fine academy for training women to be good, upper-class brides. Though they are decidedly move middle class, Lorenzo is deeply set on his daughter marrying far above her station. Florentino Ariza, on the other hand, is the poor but ambitious bastard son of a powerful South American merchant to whom his mother was a mistress. He works for the local telegraph company and is proficient and talented in the humanities of music and, especially, writing. He has a future as a riverboat merchant but Lorenzo is non-plussed by this. Ariza first sees Fermina when he delivers a telegram to her fathers house.